Week 1 Personal Finance Plan Worksheet - 998 Words

University of Phoenix Material Personal Financial Planning Worksheet Directions Based on your readings and discussions in class this week, answer the following multiple choice questions. 1. The process of creating a detailed plan to meet your financial needs and prepare for the future is called b. personal financial planning. 2. Which of the following is not one of the five major steps of the financial planning process? c. collect and organize your financial information 3. Which phase in life is commonly associated with focus on marriage, family, purchasing a home, and career development? c. late 20’s through your 40’s 4. Which of the following is a benefit of having a college degree†¦show more content†¦If not, do you plan to do this soon? Why or why not? a. Step1: Analyze your current financial position. b. Yes I have done it before, but now we just moved and we are now creating a new budget. Since the bills have changed we have to do a new budget and gather our bank statements, bills, and calculater our income to be more financially stable and save more money. We are currently going over a new budget as we speak. 10. Step Five in the five-step financial planning process discusses the importance of regularly reevaluating and revising your plan because personal circumstances often change. List two life changes that may require you to update your financial plan. Have you recently experienced a change that requires you to reevaluate your financial plan? If so, what was it and how have you accommodated it? (Please share only what you are comfortable sharing) a. Marriage and children b. I just recently got married and we’re just purchasing a home. My husband just received social security and 100% in military disability and I work. This make it a little easier for us to make it. I do have children and one is disabled so its tough but we make it. We split everything down the middle so no one person would be overwhelmed with paying all the bills on their own. We try to do a budget and stick to it. We do bargin shop and try to limit where we go due to high gas prices. We also put money to the side forShow MoreRelatedFoundations of Personal2001 Words   |  9 Pages |Foundations of Personal Finance | Copyright  © 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the elements necessary for effective personal financial planning and the opportunity to apply the techniques and strategies essential to this understanding. Primary areas of study include creating and managing a personal budget, understanding and paying taxesRead MoreEssay on Fair Credit Reporting Act and Personal Finance1879 Words   |  8 PagesSyllabus College of Humanities FP/120 Version 3 Essentials of Personal Finance Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the elements necessary for effective personal financial planning and the opportunity to apply the techniques and strategies essential to this understanding. Primary areas of study include creating and managing a personal budget, understanding and paying taxes, working with financialRead MoreHow Can Communities and Governments Encourage Recycling Efforts in the United States?3602 Words   |  15 Pages------------------------------------------------- Course Syllabus FP/101 Foundations of Personal Finance Course Start Date: 08/13/12 Course End Date: 10/14/12                            Please print a copy of this syllabus for handy reference. Whenever there is a question about what assignments are due, please remember this syllabus is considered the ruling document. Copyright Copyright  ©2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix © is a registeredRead MoreAtha Executive Plan Essay4887 Words   |  20 PagesU05A1 Atha Executive Plan Human Resource Functional Area Accounting and Finance Functional Area Debra Marzett Instructor: Crystal Neumann Spring Quarter 2013 BUS3011 May 10, 2013 CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Purpose Statement 5 Human Resource 5 Accounting and Finance 5 Goals and Activities 6 Human Resource 6 Accounting and Finance 7 Organizational Structure 8 Human Resource 8 Accounting and Finance: 9 Interview Questions 10 Human Resource Generalist 10 Accounting and Finance Analyst 11 PerformanceRead MoreEffective Skills, Qualities, and Attitudes for Learning and Work2334 Words   |  10 Pagesand assessment depending on the facilities available. The scheme of work can also be adjusted by adding theory and practical workshops to support learners who have/need additional learning time. Reference is made within the scheme of work to worksheets, handouts and sample questions (in bold) that are available on SmartScreen.co.uk for tutors to use with learners. Any other resources listed are not provided on SmartScreen but provide guidance for the tutor as to others they may produce. The contentRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1480 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach was used for this case conceptualization that consists of a pre-initial evaluation of client M and six weeks of individual therapy sessions using CBT therapy and the Beck Depression Inventory has the domain of counseling theory. Within the behaviorist strand of counseling theory, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been successfully used to treat mild depression. In this case study, the client has mild depression; which is one of the most multi-problemRead MoreSecurity Policies and Implementation Week Four Lab1858 Words   |  8 Pages10/11/2014 ------------------------------------------------- Week 4 Laboratory: Part 1 Part 1: Identify Necessary Policies for Business Continuity - BIA amp; Recovery Time Objectives Learning Objectives and Outcomes Upon completing this lab, students will be able to complete the following tasks: * Identify the major elements of a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) * Align the major elements of a Business Continuity Plan with required policy definitions * Review the resultsRead MoreComplete A Mindmap On The Importance Of Business To The1258 Words   |  6 PagesUnemployment - Declining Unemployment - Low Unemployment - Growing Unemployment - High Inflation - Growing Inflation - High Inflation - Declining Inflation - Low Investment - Growing Investment - High Investment - Declining Investment - Low Analyse the personal characteristics you believe are important for the operating of a business. In order to run a business you need to do the following: Do what you enjoy - If you enjoy what you re doing you will put in 100% effort to your business resulting in successRead MorePdp - Professional Development Plan3375 Words   |  14 PagesProfessional Development Plan Unit: Understanding and Managing People Unit Code: 5D4Z0020 Unit Tutors: Tom Scanlon and Amanda Davis Student Name: Hilaria Dos Santos Rolo Student ID: 11501593 Date: 14th March 2012 Contents Page Page 1 – Title Page 2 – Contents Page 2 – List of tables and figures Page 3 – Introduction Page 4 to 6 – Section 1: Professional Plan Development Page 7 to 9 – Section 2: Progress Review Page 10 – Appendix 1 Page 11 to 13 – Appendix 2 Page 14 to 17 –Read MoreCareer Strategy Outline9821 Words   |  40 PagesDEVELOPING A PERSONAL CAREER STRATEGY (PCS) Smeal MBA Career Management and Corporate Relations Team 9th Edition May, 2010 Developing a Personal Career Strategy (PCS) Companies no longer hire people out of high school or college and provide them with career security for the rest of their life. In some ways, career management has become an independent enterprise, something of a sole proprietorship, or as a recent book reflected in its title, â€Å"You Incorporated†. This trend is a clear

The Job Of The Civil Worker Essay - 2158 Words

Since the formation of human civilization, the purpose of the civil worker has gone unquestioned, and only until recently, unaltered. The job of the civil worker was a simple one: work during the day, sleep during the night, and repeat the process each day until the worker was unable, be it by death or disability. The worker was paid little, if at all, and benefits were foreign, as what greater benefit was there than to serve one’s lord, country or fellow countrymen? Needless to say, conditions for these workers were poor, and many found it difficult to voice these issues to superiors or to those on their level, as they felt as though nothing could be changed in their monarchical or oligarchical existence. The idea of workers benefits’ and support is a relatively new concept. Beginning primarily in the 20th century, a noticeable adjustment was made in the United States by the newly elected President Roosevelt in 1938. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) into fruition, which introduced the regulation of the minimum wage, the definition of which being, â€Å"(The )minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency and general well-being, without substantially curtailing employment† (minimum-wage.org). The minimum wage of the time was 25 cents an hour, but at the time was a considerably fair price, and one that would change the course of history for the worker forever. Shortly after the introduction of the FLSA was the Universal Declaration of HumanShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Civil Engineers707 Words   |  3 PagesThe job of a civil engineer is to fix, or build many of our modern conveniences including bridges. Skill in math (specifically measurement and angles) is required for the most part. It is a risky job though because if you design something wrong, you will pay big. Civil engineers are a soul of a cities construction. Civil Engineers have many job duties because many workers depend on them. Civil engineers have a lot of variables in their building including construction cost, and government regulationsRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesto employment options. The EEOC has established stipulations and overlooks all of the federal equal employment opportunity regulations, practices and policies (â€Å"Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions and Answers†). Some laws that have been passed are the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Although some discrimination is still a problem, all of these laws have helped the United States citizens become treatedRead MoreEffects Of Economic Change On Social Classes885 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Economic Change on Social Classes in America. Between the Civil War and World War II, the United States went through drastic economic change. The industrialization of America was going full force and resulting in the expansions of technology and factories. The industrial revolution lead to the urbanization of major populations and most people to turn away from agriculture. Large cities and factories brought benefits to certain social classes and brought struggles to others. The workingRead MoreIndustrialization After the Civil War Research Paper1321 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1.2: Research Paper Industrialization after the Civil War Shana Dukes History 105 Professor Tracey M. Biagas February 3. 2014 Introduction Industrialization after the Civil War was a period where Industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption. In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society,Read More The Impact of the Great Depression on Black Americans Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesscarce. Poverty and despair, however, were not foreign to the Black Americans; poverty had been common to them since their days of captivity. To many Black Americans who lived in the south, it was the return of old times. Sharecroppers and farm workers always lived in the midst of strife; they were never able to make a decent living. The boll weevil, soil erosion, and foreign competition had destroyed the cotton crop in the early Twenties. Life was difficult. No profits were being made, and althoughRead MoreThe Case Of Griggs V. Duke Power Company1047 Words   |  5 Pagesthe case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 401 U.S. 424 (1971), the company chose to set employment standards in which the applicants must have a high school diploma or pass an intelligence test to be hired or transferred to a job in the plant. In 1964 the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 stated that it is against the law to discriminate against an individual because of race, religion, sex or national origin. The 703(a) of the Act is an unlawful employment practice for any employer to setRead MoreAge Discrimination Essay 91437 Words   |  6 Pages Typical actions might include refusing to hire or promote older workers, curtailing their employee benefits, limiting their training opportunities or limiting their job responsibilities and duties. Older workers may be targeted in reductions of the work force; they may be encouraged to retire. Exit incentive programs may deny valuable additional benefits to an older worker and early retirement incentives may pressure older workers to retire prematurely. Incentive benefits may be reduced for peopleRead MoreEssay How Life Is Affected through Disparate Impact and Treatment1568 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees and employers The Civil Rights act of 1964 along with Title VII gives employees the option to sue business owners based on color, race, sexual orientation, and religion. This act, rules on the fact, that individuals can take action if a discrimination or harassment issues happens at the employer’s workplace. It expands Civil Rights statues to provide more protection against people who are victimized due to discrimination. It sets the guidelines for job related issues due to disparateRead MoreCesar Chavez was born on March 31, 1927 in a small town near Yuma, Arizona near the border. Born800 Words   |  4 Pageswith his parents (United Farm Workers 1). In his early life Cesar experienced a lot of injustices and saw how not only his parents, but most farm workers were being mistreated and overworked. Cesar Chavez later learned a lesson in his life about injustices that he would never be able to forget (United Farm Workers 1). Cesar would say â€Å" the love for justice that is in us is not only the best part of our being, but is also the most true to our nature† (United Farm Workers 1). Also as a young boy duringRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Can Wear Many Faces In The Workplace.1703 Words   |  7 PagesDisabilities Act in order to be enforced. Sexual orientation (Gender identity) is linked with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. There is a new regulation called the LGBT employment discrimination in the United States, but the enforcement of this regulation will vary by the jurisdiction. It is paramount that workers be aware of the overview of these three different types of discrimination in the workplace. Workers should ask the question can these types of discrimination be eliminated from the workplace.

Environmental Law in Kenya Free Essays

How can Environmental Law be effectively enforced in Kenya? For environmental law to be effectively enacted in Kenya their needs to be emphasis on the need for a universal environmental ethic. There needs to be a concern on the ability to provide information that changes behaviour towards the environment i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Law in Kenya or any similar topic only for you Order Now not stopping at awareness creation but to also go through education advocacy. This led to the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act. (EMCA). With the enactment of the EMCA, the fundamental principles on the environment espoused in various multilateral environmental agreements and intellectual discourse were incorporated into Kenyan law. Therefore it is based on the recognition that improved co ordination of the diverse sectoral initiatives is necessary for better management of the environment. To facilitate a coordinated approach to environmental management, EMCA establishes several organs as discussed below which help in the effective enforcement of environmental law: ) National Environmental Council It is responsible for policy formulation and directing, setting national goals and objectives, determining policy and priorities for the protection of the environment and the promotion of cooperation among the public and private bodies engaged in environmental protection programmes. The council is responsible in regards to international treaties, conventions and agreements relating to the management of the environment to whi ch Kenya is a party or should be a party. i) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) It is responsible for the following: (a) Co-ordinate the various environmental management activities being undertake by the lead agencies and promote the integration of environmental considerations Into development policies, plans, programmes and projects with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the improvement of he quality of human life in Kenya; (b) Take stock of the natural resources in Kenya and their utilization and conservation; (c) Establish and review in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, land use guidelines; (d) Examine land use patterns to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of natural resources. (e) Carry out surveys which will assist in the proper management and conservation of the environment; (f) Advise the government on legislative and other measures for the management of the environment or the implem entation of relevant international conventions, treaties and agreements in the field of environment, g) advise the government on regional and international environmental conventions, treaties and agreements to which Kenya should be a party and follow up the implementation of such of such agreements where Kenya is party; (h) Undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in the field of Environment and collect collate and disseminate information about the findings Of such research, investigation or survey; I) mobilize and monitor the use of financial and human resources for environmental Management; (J) identify projects and programs or types of projects and programs, plans and policies for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be conducted under this Act; (k) Initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents Which may cause environmental degradation and evolve remedial measures where Accidents occur; l) Monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead Agencies, in order to ensure th at the environment is not degraded by such activities, environmental management objectives are adhered to and adequate early warning on impending environmental emergency is given; (m) Undertake, in co-operation with relevant lead agencies, programmes intended to enhance environmental education and public awareness about the need for sound Environmental management as well as for enlisting public support and encouraging the effort made by other entities in that regard; (n) Publish and disseminate manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental Management and prevention and abatement of environmental degradation; (n) Render advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural Resource management and environmental protection so as to enable them to carry out Their responsibilities satisfactorily; o) Prepare and issue an annual report on the state of the environment in Kenya and in This regard may direct any lead agency to prepare and submit to it a report on the state Of the sector of the environment under the administration of that lead agency; (p) Perform such other functions as the Government may assign to the Authority or As are incidental or conducive to the excise by the Authority of any or all of the functions provided under this Act. iii) Provincial and District committees The committee is responsible for the following: A) is responsible for the proper management of the environment within the province or district in respect of which they are appointed. (b) Perform such additional functions as are prescribed by this Act or as may, from time to time, be assigned by the Minister by notice in the Gazette. There are certain mechanisms that are set in place for the protection and conservation of the environment, framework environmental laws also provide for the management of specific environmental aspects, whether they are of a sect oral nature or of cross sectoral nature or both. These mechanisms include: -Environmental Impact Assessment This is a tool that helps those involved in decision making concerning development programmes or projects to make their decisions based on knowledge of the likely impacts that will be caused on the environment, whether negative or positive. Whether the impacts are negative and likely to result in significant harm, decision makers will be able to decide what kind of mitigating measures should be taken to eliminate or minimise the harm. Therefore the EIA is an anticipatory and where there is harm, a preventive mechanism. By using the EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved such as reduced cost and time of project implementation and design, avoiding treatment/ clean up costs and impacts of law and regulations. -Environmental auditing and monitoring This is a process that assesses the nature and extent of environmental concerns at an existing facility or any other site where the existence of industrial pollution problems is identified or anticipated. Enforcement of Environmental Law Most environmental enforcement strategies derive from legal requirements that must be met by individuals, facilities whose operations or activities may cause undesirable environmental impacts. These environmental impacts are an essential foundation for environmental and public health protection. Environmental actions may include applying one or a combination of the following actions: †¢ Inspections and monitoring to determine the compliance status of the regulated community and to detect and to respond to violations. †¢ Negotiations with violators or facility managers to develop mutually agreeable schedules and approaches for achieving compliance. †¢ Awareness creation to sensitise the regulated community on the requirements to be met †¢ Taking legal action where necessary to compel compliance and: †¢ Compliance promotion among the regulated community. 2. Discuss why health and safety laws are necessary for any worker? Health and safety may be perceived as an investment or loss within an organization. Accidents happen and it is imperative for organizations to strive towards a ‘zero’ rate because they can prove very expensive if a company is deemed liable. Employers may be expected to invest a relatively minimal initial outlay for risk assessment and hazard identification procedures – which may or may not require consultancy fees, installation of modern equipment or staff training – but in reality these can all be viewed as an investment rather than a loss and there is no arguing with the fact that an injury free workplace is a safe workplace. All employers were required to ensure, in so far as ‘reasonably practical’, the safety, health and welfare at work of their employees and to carry out an annual review of safety statements specifying how it is managed. On the other hand, employees are obliged to co-operate with their employer and report any circumstances that may pose a serious threat to health and safety. In the opinion of Hoyle (2004), â€Å"Accident prevention is primarily the responsibility of individual workers. † The promotion of health and safety within an organization can be seen as an investment. If employees keep healthy, their productivity will be good and this can promote profits. With safety the same applies. In a safe environment there are fewer injuries, more productivity, more profits and less worker compensation insurance premiums, etc. The financial implications of accidents and ill-health are often overlooked or underestimated, especially relating to absenteeism. Apart from still having to pay the absent employee’s wages, employers could also be faced with additional wages for replacement staff, overtime and lost time spent on investigations and meetings, increased costs due to reduced productivity, possible contract penalties and external consultancy fees, all of which can add up to substantial hidden costs (TSSA). In fact, organizations with active training programmers in health and safety – such as OHSAS 18001 – have many advantages, including fewer work-related injuries and lower healthcare costs, improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, lower insurance premiums and compensation claims and a higher rate of worker retention and employee satisfaction. Workers’ compensation claims due to workplace accidents and occupational ill-health appear in the papers every day. And costs facing organizations include investigation time, wages paid for lost time, clerical time, decreased output of injured worker upon return and the loss of business and goodwill. Unfortunately, in smaller firms where major injury rates tend to be higher, conviction could ruin a company. Many small organizations harbor a negative view of the business benefits of corporate and social responsibility. They see the implementation and maintenance of appropriate operational standards as a waste of time, money and staff resources because of the required controls, practices and procedures and other overheads which they regard as a drain on their limited resources. While some employers may see health and safety as a loss, this will only occur when an organization has failed to take reasonable steps to prevent injury and non-injury accidents and ill-health. The advantages of reventive policies can be financially beneficial, an added investment is that they ‘can also consist of benefits that are harder to express in money, such as morale, productivity or quality gain. ’ Nevertheless, employers must undertake suitable and sufficient assessment of risks to hea lth and safety in their workplace and appropriate arrangements must be made to review preventive and protective measures, assess their efficacy and level of legal compliance and establish a sound health and safety culture. A risk assessment is a hazard identification process to identify what could cause harm to people. It forms part of the preparation of a Safety Statement and helps employers to manage the health and safety of their employees. Employers are legally required to do everything that is ‘reasonably practicable’ to ensure that identified hazards will not injure anyone. They should also ensure that all employees are familiar with the relevant contents of the Safety Statement, especially when revisions have been made. Improving health and safety need not cost the employer a lot of money. Even changing the way a particular task is performed can reduce the risk of injury. For example, placing anti-slip material on a slippery floor is a relatively inexpensive precaution when compared to the financial implications of a bad fall. Any safety measures introduced â€Å"need only be proportional to the real risks involved and should be sufficient to control, eliminate or minimize any risk of injury† (ibid). Managing health and safety in the workplace is not just a legal requirement, it also makes commercial sense. Many investors closely monitor health and safety performance with a view to increasing investment opportunities. Simple and relatively inexpensive steps like arranging courses such as First Aid, Manual Handling, Fire and Electrical Safety, Health and Safety and Stress Management, etc. for all employees is most definitely a good investment for any forward-looking organization and the potential dividends for both staff and employees are immeasurable REFERENCES Environmental Management and Coordination Act 2000 Okidi et al, Environmental Governance in Kenya: Implementing the Framework law. East African Publishers, 2008 How to cite Environmental Law in Kenya, Essays

Color Blind Racism free essay sample

Bonilla-Silva looks to answer two questions in this literature: â€Å"How is it possible to have this tremendous level of racial inequality in a country where most people (white) claim that race is no longer a social relevant social factor and that â€Å"racists† are a species on the brink of extinction? More significantly, how do whites explain the contraindication between their professed color blindness and America’s color-coded inequality? † In â€Å"Color Blind Racism†, Bonilla-Silva challenges the idea that we live in a society that is nonracist or nondiscriminatory. He insists that regular white folks engage in unintentional discrimination every day because of the social construction of the ideology of race. Today’s racism may be somewhat different than racism during the Jim Crow era. Instead, there is a different type of racism that has materialized around the 1960s. Bonilla-Silva refers to this type of racism as the â€Å"New Racism†. Since its emergence, color blind racism has become structured into almost every institution and has become a part of everyday life. Because of this new racism that continues to be socially constructed, blacks and other minorities suffer from inferior jobs, education, and housing. Bonilla-Silva discusses four central frames of color blind racism: 1) Abstract Liberalism. According to Bonilla-Silva, abstract liberalism allows whites to reasonably support racial inequality. 2) Naturalization. Naturalization is a way that whites can perform everyday actions that may seem natural because it’s the way of life. 3) Biologization. Biologization gives the idea that biological characteristics are the reason blacks maintain an inferior status. 4) Minimization of Racism. This frame suggests that racism isn’t a big deal. These four central frames of color blind racism give a different excuse to maintain white privilege, different from the tactics used in the Jim Crow era to explain racial inequality. I think that the two questions that Bonilla Silva ask are quite interesting. After reading this literature, I got to thinking how is race today socially constructed? Sure, racism can be defined by personal experiences and that, I believe, is not the reason Bonilla-Silva thinks that we still live in a society where racial inequality exists. Instead, it’s the institutions itself that cause discrimination. Albeit, it’s nothing comparable to racism in the Jim Crow era, it still unintentionally happens. After asking myself where I have seen racism built into an institution, I realized that I have experienced it myself in the institution of education. I went to an elementary school that had a large population of Hispanics who did not know English well. Having the last name ‘Gonzales’, I was constantly stereotyped into this population, even though I spoke perfect English and my race is half Native American and the other half Latino. I was being deprived of an unbiased education that the rest of the kids were getting. I believe that that it was unintentional and they just assumed that because my last name is thought to have a Hispanic origin, I didn’t know the English language. It was discrimination built into the institution. Because there is discrimination built into various institutions, it seems normal. I realized that I had to think long and hard of an example for my own question. Because to most people, it’s part of everyday life, especially those in the same generation as me. It’s what we grew up knowing. Instead of hammering how racism is built into institutions, I was interested in ways that whites defend this â€Å"New Racism†. Bonilla-Silva refers to these as four central frames of color blind racism. The first is â€Å"Abstract Liberalism†. This idea is that we live in a society that has equal opportunities for all people. I concur with this idea that whites use, but I also believe they fail to view external issues regarding this idea. Not everyone is born on equal grounds. Some may be more privileged than others. Historical events could have possibly had implications on why blacks are at more of a disadvantage. If they begin at a disadvantage, they receive an inferior education. As a result, they are underrepresented in higher education and in higher paying jobs. It seems to me that this vicious cycle only repeats itself a majority of the time. Next is â€Å"Naturalization†. This is the idea that discrimination just seems natural. The reason that whites typically hold better jobs is natural. I find this to be a lame excuse. One student explained that people segregate themselves because that’s who they feel comfortable around. I think it’s because of the lack of opportunities. For example: a manager at a company, who happens to be white, hires a co-worker from his previous job. This co-worker happens to be white as well. This manager wants to hire another employee so he asks his new hire if he knows anyone who is interested. He calls up his friend, who is white as well, if he would like a job. He agrees and the cycle continues. Although unintentional, this leaves out other races who are â€Å"segregated† with their own people. Third is â€Å"Biologization†. This idea, as I found, is where we get a majority of our stereotypes. Although I find negative stereotypes to be false a majority of the time, the can have a negative impact on job, school, and housing of minorities. I couldn’t decide if I agreed or disagreed with this idea because it was very subjective on who believed what stereotypes. Finally, â€Å"Minimization of Racism†. This idea is that discrimination no longer exists and it does not hinder minorities on job placement, education, housing, etc. I had to disagree because it actually does. In my experience, unintentional discrimination effected my education and I was only a kid so it can happen anywhere. It was interesting to read about this â€Å"New Racism† and sort of opened my eyes on how discrimination is built into institutions unintentionally. A question for class discussion would be: Give an example where racism/discrimination is built into an institution?

Research Methods in Psychology

‘‘Treat Reporters as Gentlemen’’ is a critical complain from the members of press that scientists’ actions are appalling; therefore not fitting to be role models. Researchers tend to offer modest and abstract information. They are habitually reluctant to divulge more details prompting people to view them as ill mannered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods in Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers hardly use public relations divisions to relay information about their work, but instead, arrogantly answer queries posed by reporters with no credible reputation. Some researchers have little experience with reporters treating them ruthlessly and mercilessly. They respond to queries concerning their work with dishonesty. Researchers are extremely selective over what they want printed for public and expert criticism, and are normally unwilling to share conta cts. They usually address their displeasure especially when it is late. Some have inadequate knowledge of science and should upgrade their grasp in science issues so that scientists and editors may nurture the public understanding of science. The article asserts that scientist must learn to acknowledge the importance of information dissemination and disclosure. It is notable that the article only mentions the steps taken as an organization in conducting this research through sending letters to leading scientists and science writers indicating their egotistical nature. It indicates that the research was first published in the scholarly journal ‘‘Bulletin of the Atomic S. The authors wrote letters to leading scientists and science writers elucidating perceived scientists’ behaviors by reporters and editors. They argued that scientists were out of touch with reporters, unwillingness to cooperate, and ill mannered. The authors then received responses from the scientis ts who gave their experiences with the reporters. This research design is correlation since it tends to relate perceptions of the reporters on scientists and their actual behavior by provoking their personalities by sending them harsh judgments. The popular version of this article only dwelt on the research outcomes but not the procedures of attaining findings and conclusions. From the article, it is imperative to know how the original research was formulated, executed and the dissemination of findings.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another crucial aspect is the procedures involved in the development of research background, literature review, study methodology, data collection, analysis, together with interpretation and reporting the results. It is thus vital for the scientists to make a paradigm shift in their actions to erasure the negative perception the reporters and other citi zens place on them. This essay on Research Methods in Psychology was written and submitted by user Macie York to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

To Kill a Mockingbird †Critical Response Essay Essay Example

To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay Essay Example To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay Essay To Kill a Mockingbird – Critical Response Essay Essay ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ is a fresh smartly written by Harper Lee to picture the prejudicial. discriminatory and racist attitudes of white society in Maycomb. Alabama in the 1930’s. Maycomb at first glimpse seems to be a warm and soft topographic point. However. as the novel progresses. the background of bondage. racism and poorness as a consequence of the Great Depression becomes prevailing. Lee explores assorted subjects such as the symbol of the mocking bird as a metaphor for artlessness. societal justness issues such as racism and bias and the mundane attitudes of people populating in little Deep South towns such as Maycomb. She successfully uses a assortment of linguistic communication techniques including sarcasm. sarcasm. temper and the usage of metaphors and conversational linguistic communication to develop characters and convey these subjects in a manner that is interesting prosecuting and thought arousing. The narrative is told through the position of Scout. the girl of Atticus. a outstanding. widowed attorney. Harper Lee’s accomplishment in making graphic imagination and a elaborate description of the town is made possible as Lookout recounts the narrative as an grownup. The narrative is divided in two parts. The first trades with Jem ( Scouts older brother ) and Scout’s compulsion with a cryptic adult male named Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley. who portions the â€Å"spooky† Radley House with his male parent Mr. Nathan Radley. When Scout and Jem befriend a male child called Dill. their compulsion his heightened and they play games picturing the life of Boo the manner they perceive it. The 2nd Part of the Novel trades with Tom Robinson. a black adult male who is charged with ravishing Mayella Ewell. a white adult female. Tom is defended by Atticus and it is here that the biass of white society become prevailing and confronting. Harper Lee successfully uses irony cubic decimeter as Jem and Scout try to do sense of a society that strives to be moral and nice. yet embraces mindless biass and racism. This usage of sarcasm and sarcasm coupled with the artlessness of the kids creates temper ( for illustration. when Scout decides to crush Dill up so that he would get married her ) in the novel in capturing manner. Colloquial linguistic communication typical of the environment in which this novel is set is used invariably and suitably. However. differences even in conversational linguistic communication can be noted between white and black society. Calpurnia. a black maidservant looking after Scout and Jem. shows this really clearly. utilizing ‘White man’s language’ when in their company and altering to ‘black man’s jargon’ when in the company of dorsums. This divide in linguistic communication is used to underscore the divide in society between the two civilizations. Language is successfully used in the novel to develop characters and word picture. An illustration of this is the manner that the Ewell’s usage of disgusting linguistic communication as they address others. demoing their hapless instruction and societal standing. Again. sarcasm is created here when Bob Ewell asserts himself better than a black adult male yet Tom Robinson speaks far more courteously and without disgusting linguistic communication. Mayella shows an utmost deficiency of instruction in her address as she struggles to happen the right words to show herself clearly. Atticus. on the other manus. uses formal linguistic communication of a high criterion and incorporates metaphors. sarcasm and temper in a manner that is impressive and frequently elusive. This is used to develop his character as a extremely respectful. open- minded. moral adult male. Assorted subjects such as favoritism. bias. and societal justness are incorporated into this novel. The racialist and frequently unlogical biass of white society against black society ties into the subject of societal justness. a premier illustration being the result of Tom’s instance demoing how the universe we live in may non ever be merely and how justice depends on the attitudes of persons. However. possibly the most cardinal subject is the importance of the rubric â€Å"To kill a mockingbird† . This construct. the mindless persecution of an guiltless person. is used to depict Tom Robinson’s tribunal instance. Mocking birds sing for people’s enjoyment. make no injury to the community and are a symbol of pureness and artlessness. Tom Robinson is perceived as a mocker when he is wrongly convicted over the colza of Mayella Ewell because of the biass of white society. Lee uses the repeat of the words â€Å"guilty†¦ guilty†¦ . guilty† to underscore the disapprobation of an guiltless adult male. or in a metaphorical sense. the violent death of a derisive bird. Boo Radley may besides be seen as a mocking bird. In the beginning of the novel. he is perceived as a unsafe. frenzied person by the townspeople merely because of his cryptic character ( Boo seldom ventures out of the Radley House ) . though he had committed no offense. However. after Boo leaves gifts in a hole in a tree. puts a cover over lookout when she is standing in the cold and finally. saves Scouts life when Bob Ewell tries to kill her to seek retaliation for the demoralization of his household. during the tribunal instance. Jem and Scout realise that he is really a harmless. sort. person. Again. we see how an guiltless adult male can be discriminated against by prejudice borne from ignorance. In decision. Harper Lee has achieved her intent in doing us believe about the manner we treat others and the effects that our ain biass may hold on their lives. She has achieved this by successfully conveying the common attitudes of white society in Deep South towns in the 1930’s ( particularly towards African Americans ) . and developing subjects and characters through her usage of linguistic communication devices such as conversational linguistic communication. sarcasm and sarcasm in a manner that is effectual and prosecuting.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

History - Essay Example She points out not only how this would reduce the amount of waste in the inner city, but would also create decent jobs for people living in these areas which has the further effect of reducing crime and other inner city issues. Despite the multiple win situation this presents, she said that the city of New York has told them the site would be much better utilized as a state prison facility, bringing the morale of the community down, reducing the level of good that can be provided and increasing the number of individuals who, because of lack of decent employment opportunities, turn to crime as the best means of supporting themselves. As a result of this discussion, I decided to find out just how much the economy would be damaged if the government took a more active role in reducing greenhouse gases and other global environmental threats by making changes to the emissions laws. The rising global temperature is and will continue to cause major changes to the environment which in turn will negatively affect the U.S. economy to an extent that can only be speculative. What is known is that the impact will be nothing short of catastrophic regarding both the earth and economy. Only by quickly implementing alternative sources of automobile fuel and electricity on a large scale can this looming disaster be averted. Worldwide, carbon dioxide emissions are creating widespread health impacts even as greater numbers of people begin using cars for longer distances (Dearry, 2004: A600). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions while the United States is responsible for generating nearly half of this amount. Automobiles are the main cause of air pollution with toxins emitted from stacks at coal-burning electric power plants running a close second (Dahl, 2005: A239). In addition to CO2 emissions, vehicles emit carbon mo noxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx),

General Motors Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

General Motors Corporation - Essay Example GM’s six main automaking divisions have catered to its manifesto of â€Å"a car for every purse and purpose† (Monks & Minow, 2008: 414). Statement of Purpose: This Case Study on the General Motors Corporation is for the purpose of investigating the company’s downward spiral into possible bankruptcy. Using appropriate theories and literature, investigation of the What? Why? and How? of the organization will help to determine the reasons for the auto giant’s decline 0ajjind the implications for the future of the company. The reasons for and the processes by which the United States’ auto giant General Motors Company deteriorated to a position of near-bankruptcy, can be determined by investigating various factors based on relevant theories of corporate collapse (Fig.1). These would include corporate governance, organisational culture, leadership styles, operational risk management and financial risk management pertaining to the functioning of General Motors. The underlying concepts pertaining to risk management, financial markets and products, and global perspectives on risk are important aspects. A widely encompassing approach that associates the causes of bankruptcy to the characteristics of the company and to the financial symptoms of distress, is essential, in examining the company’s financial decline (Thornhill & Amit, 2003). Besides the financial situation of the company, other crucial factors include the time dimension of failure, and the influence of key non-financial factors such as managerial error which is found to be one of the main reasons (Balcaen & Ooghe, 2006). Over the decades, from the time of GM’s inception in 1909, the company has suffered numerous set-backs which destroyed its ability to control the cost of its workforce. Roger Smith as CEO started downsizing the manufacturing units from 1985, with a commitment to revolutionizing the organization.

Philosophy of Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of Science - Essay Example Secondly, his ideas on scientific imperialism are viewed as being important in the argument against science. There have been numerous studies showing that the use of science in the societal setting has not always been advantageous. In fact, there are some studies that show that scientific legitimacy was used to establish unnecessary and unpopular initiatives on populations. Thirdly, conflicts arise between well- established scientific theories leading to confusion in their interpretation and application. He states that Newtonian perspectives on the concept of gravity were rebellious as it went against Galileo’s beliefs. This shows that science is simply an ideology that society should be shielded from (Feyerabend 65). Historians support Feyeraband’s claims by stating that prominent scientists in the past including Galileo would probably oppose the modern day science. According to Feyerabend, science should be reformed and it should also be less authoritarian. Science is a treasured source of knowledge and should not be contaminated with ideologies of different kind. All ideologies should not be taken too seriously and if possible, it would be beneficial if it was read as fairytales. Science should be formally separated from the state just as the church is separated from the state. Science may be influential to the society but only within the limits in which the political and other pressure groups are permitted to exert influence on the society. Science is not a closed book but it is an intellectual discipline where examination and criticism of ideas can be done by anyone. The organs of state should therefore not hesitate to reject or criticize the scientific inventions when the need arises (Feyerabend 61). The consequence of the view, as I see it, would be that the government should not be allowed to fund scientific research. This is because, when allowed to interact with research, past examples have shown that governments are

Vygotsky’s Theory

Vygotsky’s Theory Explain and Evaluate Vygotskys Theory of the Role of Language in Childrens Cognitive Development Vygotsky described developmental changes in childrens thinking in terms of cultural tools; they use these to make sense of their world. Generally, they use technical tools to change objects or gain mastery over the environment. Moreover, they used psychological tools to organise behavior or thought. According to Vygotskys view, society shapes a childs mind through the transmission of tools which are appropriate for their culture. Both the culture and the childs experiences are necessary to understand childrens cognitive development (â€Å"Social Development Theory,† n.d.) Vygotskys theory was an attempt to explain awareness the product of socialization. For example, in the learning of language or first words, peers or adults are noticing the first utterance and the purpose of communication but after they recognize that they become internalized and allow â€Å"inner speech† (Bransford, Brown, Cocking, 2000). Vygotsky believed that language was one of the most important psychological tools that effects childrens cognitive development. He identified that there are three different stages in the childrens use of language. Firstly, language is an essential factor for communication (social speech). Next, children begin to use egocentric or private speech to control their own thinking. The last stage is language development. Children use verbal thoughts to guide what they are thinking and their actions. (referance). Vygotsky also believed that language and thought first become independent after them being interdependent. He suggested that attainment of a new word was the beginning of the development of a concept. This is supported by a classic study by Carmichael (1932) who gave participants one of two labels for certain drawings. A kidney shape was described either kidney bean or canoe. Following that participants were asked to draw the shape. If the drawing was different form their label according to which label they had been given. As a result of this words can help us to remember things. On the other hand, Sinclair- de -Zward (1969) tried to teach children who could not use comparative terms that were not in their vocabulary. (p116). Such as, bigger or shorter, she found that there was very little improvement in their ability to conserve. The major theme of Vygotskys theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states: Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (p57). Moreover, Vygotsky also identified three concepts in particular for cognitive development to proceed effectively. â€Å"The zone of proximal development is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance† (Raymond, 2000, p.176). The scaffolding teaching strategy provides individualized support based on the learners ZPD (Chang, Sung, Chen, 2002). The first is the Zone of proximal development. This zone describes the range of difficult tasks or it is very hard for the learners complete this task alone. However, learners can complete this task with appropriate assistance or someone who is more knowledgeable. Thus according to Vygotsky, cognitive development will occur when a learner is confronted by a task that lies within the zone, if a task is easy to complete for task learners then no cognitive development will occur. Also if the task is too hard for a learner to complete the task alone or even with assistance then no cognitive development will occur. (Bransford, Brown, Cocking, 2000). Evidence for ZPD was produced by McNaughton and Leyland (1990). They observed young children working with their mothers on jigsaw puzzles of increasing difficulty and then after one week the child was working on their own. The children reached higher difficulty when working with their mother. Thus it is explaining their ZPD. The Zone of Proximal Development was related to a kind of scaffolding which is used by the mothers. The mothers were worried about keeping their child on task. During this time generally mothers were focused on helping the children solve the puzzle for themselves, Previous studies looked at middle- income families. Researchers suggested that using different ZPD â€Å"region of sensitivity to instruction,† this term using for mothers and preschoolers in a copying task and it is help to predict childrens subsequent skills on this task. Furthermore, researchers found some differences in how well mothers change their level of encouragement style based on the childs performance (â€Å"i.e., providing less support after the child succeeded and more support after failure† and these differences were also helping to predict a childrens ability to gain understanding and learn information . (Wood et al., 1976; Wood Middleton, 1975). The second concept is that the scaffolding which describes the nature of the assistantce given by the more knowledgeable person. In this time the learner completes the task with the Zone of Proximal development (with assistance). Infants cognitive development depends on the assistance level. If the assistance is great at first and then it is slightly reduced as the learners skill improves, ultimately, the learner will be able to complete the task but the cognitive development will only continue if the task is replaced with another task or a more complex task which is modified to the new zone. (Bransford, Brown, Cocking, 2000). Vygotsky defined scaffolding instruction as the â€Å"role of teachers and others in supporting the learners development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level† (Raymond, 2000, p. 176).An important aspect of scaffolding instruction is that the scaffolds are temporary. As the learners abilities increase the scaffolding provided by the more knowledgeable other is progressively withdrawn. Finally the learner is able to complete the task or master the concepts independently (Chang, Sung, Chen, 2002, p. 7). Therefore, the goal of the teacher when using the scaffolding teaching technique is for the student to become an independent and self- regulating learner and problem solver (Hartman, 2002). There is one study which examined the relation of maternal scaffolding and childrens attention regulation abilities in preschool children from low-income families within the context of a parent-child interaction task and in a child-alone task. According to this maternal scaffolding behaviors are different between mothers of children with attention regulation skills. For example, whose children show poor attention regulation skills, it emerges that parent and child interactions are more likely to engage verbally with their children, more strategic questions, â€Å"verbal hints and verbal prompt† (Olson and Platt, 2000, p.180). The amount of childrens attention regulation skills is related to the mothers level of scaffolding to predict child performance when they are alone to complete a task. Attention regulation skills are also related to independent performance when contexts including high maternal scaffolding. Findings provide important information parents promote attention regulation skills in children especially who are at risk for poor academic outcomes (Blair, 2002; Sethi, Mischel, Aber, Shoda, Rodriguez, 2000). The current study focused on a parent-child puzzle matching task to understand how children regulate their attention process when with their mother and when alone. How specific mothers behavior are related to childrens abilities to understand to regulate their own behavior and transfer these abilities to independent tasks. Researchers especially focused on verbal behaviors of mothers which are related to childrens attention regulation skills. (Norman, Breznitz, 1992) Researchers have focused on different socioeconomic status in families. An empirical research has exposed that there has been significant differences in interactional characteristics in families of different socioeconomic levels (Gottfried, 1984; Hart Risley, 1992, 1995; Heath, 1989). According to research results show that different socioeconomic status has been shown to influence the nature parent-child interactions. Another research was done by Wood (1976) who observed children aged 4-5 who were working with their mother on problem solving tasks. Some mothers gave verbal encouragement and others more specific help including demonstrations of what to do. The most effective strategy was combined both general and specific instructions, the mother was adapting to the learners achievement and failures. The mother gave instructions when the learner had difficulty but mothers gave general encouragement when the child was coping well. Kopp (1987) reported that specific types of control technique used by caregivers affected childrens self regulation skills. For instance, middle income families who encouraged their children to be independen,t their children were more likely to have low rate on impulsivity, problems of cconcentration and hyperactivity, and high on self-control measures. Similarly, Grolnick and Ryan (1989) have found that high levesl of parental support of independence was associated with more self regulation and they are more likely to less acting behavior. Based on these studies, the amount of caregiver control affects childs behavior and it is also related to childrens self- regulation abilities. When children get older parents give their children a number of responsibilities for example, children become independent regulators of their own thinking processes. According to Vygotsky (1978) view of socio-cognitive transaction makes it easy to improve childrens cognitive development is the ability to become same structure situation like an adults, it is depends to the childs ability levels. The third concept is psychological tools give another reason that â€Å"social interaction† is an essential factor in cognitive development. Psychological tools are â€Å"intellectual mechanisms or operations† which people use to examine their environment and interact with others. Here is some examples of psychological tools â€Å"written language, symbols, maps and scientific method and oral language† (Gredler and Shields, 2004). Evaluation of Vygotskys theory; There has been very little empirical investigation research on Vygorskys theory however there are much more research on Piagets theory. Further limitation relates to Vygotskys social emphasis. Whereas Piagets give minimise attention to social influences, Vygotskys give too much weight to social influences. There has been also some strengths, for example, Vygotskys approach provides an association between social and cognitive domains. (Vygotsky, 1978) There are a number of important distinctions between Piagets and Vygotskys theories. The most important ones are that teachers worry about the role of language and learning in development. But Piaget believed that egocentric speech is not a useful function in young childrens development. Vygotsky argued that egocentric speech is the way children recognise and regulate their thoughts and actions. Piaget claimed that childrens development is limited and it is associated with what children are able to learn from social experiences (Vygotsky, 1978) Vygotsky( 1934/1986) disagree with Piagets conclusions. Language helps children to think about mental abilities, behaviors and select courses of action. He believed that it is the foundation for all higher cognitive processes including controlled attention, deliberate memorization, recall categorization, planning problem solving, abstract reasoning and self reflection. Vygotskys view is that children speak themselves for self guidance. When they get older they find some tasks easier, their self directed speech isinternalised as salient in inner speech and the internal speech verbal dialogs people always carry on while thinking and acting in everyday situations. ( Vygotsky, 1986) To conclude vygotskys theory of socio-cultural theory is important to understand child cognitive development. Especially, he divided into three concepts which gave more clear information and each zone gives completely different information. However there have been some negative aspects of this theory, it does not tell how children internalize social experience to advance their mental functioning. He just gave a little information about biological contributions to childs cognition. However, his theory emphasised cognitive change Vygotsky theory leads up to expect diverse path of development. ( Vygotsky, 1978) References: Blair, C. (2002). Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of childrens functioning at school entry. American Psychologist, 57, 111−127. Bransford, J., Brown, A., Cocking, R. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, and Experience School. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Chang, K., Chen, I., Sung, Y. (2002). The effect of concept mapping to enhance text comprehension and summarization. The Journal of Experimental Education 71(1), 5-23. Hartman, H. (2002). Scaffolding Cooperative Learning. Human Learning and Instruction (pp. 23-69). New York: City College of City University of New York. Hart, B., Risley, T. R. (1992). American parenting of language-learning children: Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1096−1105. Hart, B., Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experiences of young American children. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Heath, S. B. (1989). Oral and literate traditions among Black Americans living in poverty. American Psychologist, 44, 367−373. Kopp, C. B. (1987). The growth of self-regulation: Caregivers and children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary topics in developmental psychology (pp. 34−35). New York: Wiley. Gredler, M., Shields, C. (2004). Does no one read Vygotskys words? Commentary on Glass Commentary on Glassman. Educational Researcher, 33(2), 21 25. Gottfried, A. W. (1984). Home environment and early cognitive environment. Integration, meta-analysis, and conclusions. In A. W. Gottfried (Ed.), Home environment and early cognitive development: Longitudinal research (pp. 329−342). Orlando, FL: Academic Pres Grolnick, W. S., Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with childrens self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 143−154 Norman, G., Breznitz, Z. (1992). Difference in the ability to concentrate in first grade Israeli pupils of low and high socioeconomic status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153, 5−17. Olson, J. and Platt, J. (2000). The Instructional Cycle. Teaching Children and Adolescents with Special Needs (pp. 170-197). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc Raymond, E. (2000). Cognitive Characteristics. Learners with Mild Disabilities (pp. 169-201). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon, A Pearson Education Company. Sethi, A., Mischel, W., Aber, J. L., Shoda, Y., Rodriguez, M. L. (2000). The role of strategic attention deployment in development of self-regulation: Predicting preschoolers delay of gratification from mother-toddler interactions. Developmental Psychology, 36, 767−777. Social Development Theory. (No date). Retrieved November 3, 2002, from http:// tip.psychology.org/vygotsky.html Norman, G., Breznitz, Z. (1992). Difference in the ability to concentrate in first grade Israeli pupils of low and high socioeconomic status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153, 5−17. Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, Lev. 1986. Thought and Language (translated by Alex Kozulin). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. (Original work published 1934.) Wertsch, J.V. (1985). Cultural, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. Wood, D., Bruner, J., Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 17, 89−100. Wood, D., Middleton, D. (1975). A study of assisted problem-solving. British Journal of Psychology, 66(2), 181−191.

Actual Benefits of Information Technology Outsourcing Essay -- companie

1) Critically evaluate the competitive advantage that can be gained by companies through IS/IT outsourcing. Provide suitable example to support your answer. Introduction Outsourcing is an arrangement in which one company provides services for another company that could also be or usually have been provided internal. As we know, outsourcing is a development that is becoming further common in information technology or information system and other industries for services that have usually been regarded as basic to managing a business. In some cases, the whole information management of a company is outsourced, including planning and business analysis as well as the installation, management, and servicing of the network and workstations. For the example, University Kolej Poly-Tech Mara provided Campus Management System (CMS) for student and they bought this CMS from outsourcing from Indonesia. By outsourcing the logistical activities the company can achieve great remunerations. Outsourced environment has been exposed to regularly bring gains in productivity to companies, specifically through scale, technology and expertise. Besides, outsourcing can also h elp companies reduce costs associated with labour and real estate. Taking advantage of an outsourcing vendor’s global, centre-based dispersed delivery brings advance economies of scale and process proficiency. Competitive advantage is very important thing especially in term of business marketing because when your business starts growing, the companies should start to think of the potential benefits of going beyond the basics, as larger companies do, and look for ways to use information systems for competitive advantage. (Dr Donald J McCubbrey, Oct 6, 2010). To achieve a competitiv... ...ks Cited WNS Global Service, Gaining competitive advantage through analytics outsourcing, 14 October 2009. Available at, http://www.slideshare.net/WNSGlobalServices/kpo-whitepaper-wns-2009, Retrieved at November 2013. Journal of Accountancy, The Pros and Cons of IT Outsourcing, June 1998. Available at http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/1998/Jun/antonuci.htm. Retrieved at November 2013. Journal of IT Management, Volume IV, Number 2, Outsourcing the IS Function, The impact on competitive advantage, 1993. Available at, http://jitm.ubalt.edu/IV-2/article4.pdf. Retrieved at November 2013. B. A. Aubert, M. Patry, S. Rivard, â€Å"Assessing IT Outsourcing Risk†, Proceedings of the 31st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan 1998, Available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/6550923/The-Information-Technology-Outsourcing-Risk. Retrieved at Disember 2013.