The Samurais, The Ultimate Stoics :: essays research papers

The Samurais, The Ultimate Stoics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For seven centuries, the Samurai were Japan's warrior class. As a class of warriors and knights, they dominated society in feudal Japan. Their code or â€Å" Way of the warrior†, bushido(History of the Samurai-www),called for a life of duty, discipline and self control, on and as well as off the battlefield (History of the World-Houghton Mifflin Company- Boston288). His loyalty and bravery to his lord was much more important than his loyalty to his friends, family and even their emperor. Their philosophy was one of freedom from fear(World Surfari-www), and for these reasons, The Samurai were the ultimate stoic warriors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The word samurai was derived from the Japanese word for service, saburau(Grolier Electronic Publishing, 1993), for they served their masters faithfully. They would die if necessary for them. The Daimyo or feudal landowners used the samurai to protect their land and to expand their rights to more land. The Samurai would transcend their fear of death, this made them the stoic warriors that they were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As experts in fighting on horseback as well as on the ground they wore two swords. This was called Daisho(World Surfari-www). The long sword was called the daito-katena(Ibid.). It was more than twenty four inches long. The shorter sword was called shoto wakizashi. It was between twelve to twenty four inches(Ibid.). Their swords were the â€Å"soul's† of the worship. A good sword was tougher and sharper. The swords were tested before they were used by the samurai. The sword tester used the new blades to cut through corpses and bodies of condemned criminals.(World Surfari-www) The test results were put on the nakago, the small metal piece on the sword blade or handle(Ibid.). Another weapon, the nagita, was used by a foot soldier on a horseman. The foot soldier would cut. the tendons of the horse and disembowel them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The samurai went from military retainers, to military aristocrats, to military rulers(Japan, Richard Storry18) The medieval samurai were often illiterate, rural, landowners who farmed in-between battles. They were assassins of the night and at the same time keepers of peace. The samurai would spend his life perfecting his military skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Honor was one of the most important things to a samurai. If a samurai felt dishonored in any way he would commit seppuku. Seppuku means ritual suicide (Japan, Cultures of the World- Rex Shelley104). It is also called hara-kiri which means belly-slitting. This method of self-disembowelment was the only honorable form of death for a disgraced noble or a samurai.

Franklin D. Roosevelt Vs. Abraham Lincoln Essay

This paper will compare and contrast Franklin D. Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. I will compare and contrast both of their childhood and education. Then I will compare and contrast their presidency. This paper will also cover the similarities and differences on how they tried to improve our country and what they wanted to happen when they were in office. Finally, I will close with the similarities and differences about both of their deaths. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States. He became president in March of 1933. He led a big part in the World War Two . He died while he was still in office on April 12 1945 of a cerebral hemorrhage. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He became president on November 6, 1860. He helped free the slaves and he was a great speech and poem writer. He was murdered when he went to a play on April 14, 1865, with a gun shot to his head. The comparison of these two presidents early life is not really good comparison, But let me tell you the similarities. They both went to school and got an education. They loved to read and they preferred learning to working physical labor. They both would set there and read a book–after a book–after a book. This led to a difficult relationship with their fathers, who was just the opposite. Abraham and Franklin were constantly borrowing books from the neighbors. They both lived a sheltered life and never really got into big trouble. They were both Tall, handsome, athletic, and outgoing. They loved to go outside and play with the neighbors or just go out side and play by themselves Abraham and Franklin both moved around when they were little. They both adapted to their environment quickly. It never seemed to bother them. They both had to go threw the feeling of losing a member of their family at such a young age. The differences of Abraham and Franklin’s childhood were not much of a difference, But there was some differences Abraham was taller than all of the men in his neighborhood and Franklin was tall, but he wasn’t taller than everyone else. Abraham loved to go out and help his dad chop wood or do any  other chore that was needed to be done around the house. But Franklin on the other hand, He would help his dad and his mom but, he would rather read a book or go outside and play. Franklin went to a prep school, while Abraham went to a school that all you did was study at your own pace and and work indivitualy. This school was more like independent studies, yet, it wasn’t for bad children. â€Å"When Abraham was around 9 years old, his mother; Nancy Hanks Lincoln, died from milk sickness, a disease obtained from drinking the milk of cows which had grazed on poisonous white snakeroot.† (1) His sister, also died, But she died from childbirth. As you can see, Abraham went threw allot of deaths as a young boy. He had to deal with the mental pain of all of these feelings that come along with death. Roosevelt never had to go threw any deaths in tell he was much older. When they started to grow up, they started to explore the world. Abraham started to travel. But Franklin was a student at Harvard University. Then he went to Law school, but he never graduated. In Springfield, Lincoln met Mary Todd. Three years later they were married and over the next 11 years had 4 children. Lincoln became a successful attorney, and the family bought a home on Jackson. In 1846 Lincoln ran for the United States House of Representatives and won. When he was in Washington he became known for his dedication to the Mexican War and to slavery. He returned home after his term and resumed his law practice more seriously than before. Franklin married a distant cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, on Mar. 17, 1905. They had six children, but the sixth one died at birth. The Roosevelt’s were active in New York social circles and Franklin handled small-claims cases. He also won a seat as a Democrat in the New York state senate. Lincoln was against the spread of slavery into the territories but was not an abolitionist. He also ran for Senate, but someone else won. But after that, he gained national recognition. They both were trying really hard to get into politics, and they seemed to be doing fine. The Roosevelt name and his new image helped him win the Vice-Presidential nomination in 1920. The Democrats had little hope for him winning. The number one similarity of these two presidents was that they were both presidents of the United States. Lincoln won on the 3rd ballot of the  Presidential nomination in 1860. Lincoln was elected the 16th President on November 6, 1860. In 1930, Roosevelt began to campaign for the presidency. He started to run because the economic depression damaged Hoover, and it was a better chance for him to win. In 1932, Roosevelt won the nomination as the Democratic Party candidate for president. In November 1932, Roosevelt beat Hoover by seven million votes. They both wanted the best for the country and they tried their hardest to make the country the best it can be. There are so many differences between the two Presidents and what they had to do when they were in office. Lincoln really didn’t have much to do compared to Roosevelt. Roosevelt ran four terms and he had to make decisions for World War Two. In taking office in 1933, Roosevelt had promised the United States to a â€Å"good neighbor† policy. He had carried out this pledge in Latin America. He tried to follow the policy of goodwill with all of the world. As war became more likely to happen in the 1930’s, both the president and the American public wished to remain neutral. But at the same time, Roosevelt did not want to see the aggressors get mad. War finally broke out in Europe when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. Roosevelt wanted to help the democratic nations without bringing the United States into the war. But after a while, it was harder to keep the US out of the war. After the fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt rushed allot of weapons to Britain to help the British in the war against Germany. As you can tell, Roosevelt was a really busy man. Abraham on the other hand, Had a totally different kind of presidency. He played a big role in freeing slaves and he also gave really good speeches One of his favorite poems was: â€Å"Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? Like a swift-fleeting meteor, a fast-flying cloud, A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave, He passes from life to his rest in the grave. The leaves of the oak and the willow shall fade, Be scattered around, and together be laid; And the young and the old, the low and the high, Shall molder to dust, and together shall lie. The infant a mother attended and loved; The mother that infant’s affection who proved; The husband, that mother and infant who blessed; Each, all, are away to their dwelling of rest. The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye, Shone beauty and pleasure – her triumphs are by; And the memory of those who loved her and praised, Are alike from the minds of the living erased. The hand of the king that the sceptre hath borne, The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn, The eye of the sage, and the heart of the brave, Are hidden and lost in the depths of the grave. The peasant, whose lot was to sow and to reap, The herdsman, who climbed with his goats up the steep, The beggar, who wandered in search of his bread, Have faded away like the grass that we tread. The saint, who enjoyed the communion of Heaven, The sinner, who dared to remain unforgiven, The wise and the foolish, the guilty and just, Have quietly mingled their bones in the dust. So the multitude goes – like the flower or the weed That withers away to let others succeed; So the multitude comes – even those we behold, To repeat every tale that has often been told. For we are the same that our fathers have been; We see the same sights that our fathers have seen; We drink the same stream, we feel the same sun, And run the same course that our fathers have run. The thoughts we are thinking, our fathers would think; From the death we are shrinking, our fathers would shrink; To the life we are clinging, they also would cling – But it speeds from us all like a bird on the wing. They loved – but the story we cannot unfold; They scorned – but the heart of the haughty is cold; They grieved – but no wail from their slumber will come; They joyed – but the tongue of their gladness is dumb. They died – aye, they died – we things that are now, That walk on the turf that lies over their brow, And make in their dwellings a transient abode,  Meet the things that they met on their pilgrimage road. Yea, hope and despondency, pleasure and pain, Are mingled together in sunshine and rain; And the smile and the tear, the song and the dirge, Still follow each other, like surge upon surge. â€Å"ËÅ"Tis the wink of an eye – â€Å"ËÅ"tis the draught of a breath – From the blossom of health to the paleness of death, From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?† (2) The deaths of theis two presidents are very different. Let me tell you how they both happened. On Good Friday, April 14, 1865, the Lincoln’s went to a play called Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater During the performance Booth arrived at the theater, entered the State Box from the back, and shot the Lincoln in the back of his head at about 10:15 P.M. Lincoln was carried across the street to the Petersen House where he passed away the next day at 7:22 A.M. This was the first Presidential assassination in American history, and the nation mourned its leader. Lincoln’s body was taken to Springfield by train, and he was buried in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery on May 4, 1865. Roosevelt’s health, which had been getting worse and worse ever since early 1944, did not improve. After returning from the Yalta Conference, he went to Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest. He was laying in bed on April 12, 1945 and he died he of a cerebral hemorrhage. As you can tell, The deaths of these two great men were very different and hard for the American people to handle, But they changed out history of our country in a big way. In conclusion, You can see how these two president were so alike yet so different at the same time. I believe that we can learn so much from these two people and benefit off of it in a great deal. If more of our presidents would be more like these brave, kind, intelligent men; our world be in a lot better condition than it is today. If these two men were not in out history, I think that our whole life would be so different. And that’s in more ways that one. I hope you have learned a couple of things from this report. Because I know I sure have.

Talking About Your Period in French

This happens to every woman. Yet, books are quite shy when it comes to this vocabulary, a skill that we thought could be useful for women traveling to France. First, let’s explore some French expressions to say to have your period. Avoir Ses Rà ¨gles The most common way to say to menstruate is â€Å"avoir ses rà ¨gles†. Les rà ¨gles is a feminine plural word.   Avoir des rà ¨gles douloureuses: to have painful periodAvoir des crampes menstruelles: to have menstrual crampsLes dernià ¨res rà ¨gles: last menstrual periodLe dà ©but / la fin des rà ¨gles: beginning/end of the periodUn cycle d’ovulation: menstrual cycle Note that the word les rà ¨gles is always feminine plural when used for menstruation. Une rà ¨gle is a rule or a ruler (a plastic piece used to draw lines). The context will make it clear which one you are talking about. Tu as tes rà ¨gles: Do you have your period?Tu as une rà ¨gle: Do you have a ruler? Être Indisposà ©e This means to be indisposed, unwell. But it the chosen expression to say in a subtle way to you have your period. Cette jeune fille ne peut pas aller à   la piscine, elle est indisposà ©e.This young girl cannot go to the swimming pool, she is indisposed. Avoir Ses Ragnagnas I have no idea where this one comes from, but â€Å"ragnagnas† sounds like someone complaining, protesting†¦ which women often do when they menstruate. So that would be my personal interpretation of the expression! Les Anglais ont Dà ©barquà © Definitely one of the strangest French idiom out there. It translates as â€Å"The English have landed† (from a boat). So, what is the relation between English and menstruating? Well, this expression dates back to Napoleon and the British army, then called the redcoats. Go figure! Although this expression is somewhat old-fashioned, it is still used, often kind of as a joke. Dà ©solà ©e, je nai vraiment pas envie daller faire cette randonnà ©e. Je ne me sens pas trà ¨s bien... enfin, pour tout te dire, les anglais ont dà ©barquà ©. Bref, jai mes ragnagnas, jai des crampes et je nai quune envie : rester au lit!Sorry, I really dont feel like going on this hike. I dont feel very well... Well, to tell you everything, Aunt Flo called. In other words, Code Red, I have cramps and I just want one thing: stay in bed! French Vocabulary for Period Products Les protections hygià ©niques: sanitary protectionsUn tampon: a tamponAvec/sans applicateur: with/without applicatorUne serviette hygià ©nique: a sanitary pad / a pantylinerAvec ailettes: with wingsUne coupe menstruelle: a menstrual cupSaigner: to bleedUn saignement: a bleedingUne tà ¢che: a spot Cultural Note About Menstrual Pain As in many countries, speaking about ones period is not considered a proper conversation. French women seldom disclose to girlfriends that they are on their period or discuss their menstrual pains. We would just say that we are tired. Of course, everybody is different.

Week 1 Personal Finance Plan Worksheet - 998 Words

University of Phoenix Material Personal Financial Planning Worksheet Directions Based on your readings and discussions in class this week, answer the following multiple choice questions. 1. The process of creating a detailed plan to meet your financial needs and prepare for the future is called b. personal financial planning. 2. Which of the following is not one of the five major steps of the financial planning process? c. collect and organize your financial information 3. Which phase in life is commonly associated with focus on marriage, family, purchasing a home, and career development? c. late 20’s through your 40’s 4. Which of the following is a benefit of having a college degree†¦show more content†¦If not, do you plan to do this soon? Why or why not? a. Step1: Analyze your current financial position. b. Yes I have done it before, but now we just moved and we are now creating a new budget. Since the bills have changed we have to do a new budget and gather our bank statements, bills, and calculater our income to be more financially stable and save more money. We are currently going over a new budget as we speak. 10. Step Five in the five-step financial planning process discusses the importance of regularly reevaluating and revising your plan because personal circumstances often change. List two life changes that may require you to update your financial plan. Have you recently experienced a change that requires you to reevaluate your financial plan? If so, what was it and how have you accommodated it? (Please share only what you are comfortable sharing) a. Marriage and children b. I just recently got married and we’re just purchasing a home. My husband just received social security and 100% in military disability and I work. This make it a little easier for us to make it. I do have children and one is disabled so its tough but we make it. We split everything down the middle so no one person would be overwhelmed with paying all the bills on their own. We try to do a budget and stick to it. We do bargin shop and try to limit where we go due to high gas prices. We also put money to the side forShow MoreRelatedFoundations of Personal2001 Words   |  9 Pages |Foundations of Personal Finance | Copyright  © 2011, 2010, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the elements necessary for effective personal financial planning and the opportunity to apply the techniques and strategies essential to this understanding. Primary areas of study include creating and managing a personal budget, understanding and paying taxesRead MoreEssay on Fair Credit Reporting Act and Personal Finance1879 Words   |  8 PagesSyllabus College of Humanities FP/120 Version 3 Essentials of Personal Finance Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 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University of Phoenix © is a registeredRead MoreAtha Executive Plan Essay4887 Words   |  20 PagesU05A1 Atha Executive Plan Human Resource Functional Area Accounting and Finance Functional Area Debra Marzett Instructor: Crystal Neumann Spring Quarter 2013 BUS3011 May 10, 2013 CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Purpose Statement 5 Human Resource 5 Accounting and Finance 5 Goals and Activities 6 Human Resource 6 Accounting and Finance 7 Organizational Structure 8 Human Resource 8 Accounting and Finance: 9 Interview Questions 10 Human Resource Generalist 10 Accounting and Finance Analyst 11 PerformanceRead MoreEffective Skills, Qualities, and Attitudes for Learning and Work2334 Words   |  10 Pagesand assessment depending on the facilities available. The scheme of work can also be adjusted by adding theory and practical workshops to support learners who have/need additional learning time. Reference is made within the scheme of work to worksheets, handouts and sample questions (in bold) that are available on SmartScreen.co.uk for tutors to use with learners. Any other resources listed are not provided on SmartScreen but provide guidance for the tutor as to others they may produce. The contentRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1480 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach was used for this case conceptualization that consists of a pre-initial evaluation of client M and six weeks of individual therapy sessions using CBT therapy and the Beck Depression Inventory has the domain of counseling theory. Within the behaviorist strand of counseling theory, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been successfully used to treat mild depression. In this case study, the client has mild depression; which is one of the most multi-problemRead MoreSecurity Policies and Implementation Week Four Lab1858 Words   |  8 Pages10/11/2014 ------------------------------------------------- Week 4 Laboratory: Part 1 Part 1: Identify Necessary Policies for Business Continuity - BIA amp; Recovery Time Objectives Learning Objectives and Outcomes Upon completing this lab, students will be able to complete the following tasks: * Identify the major elements of a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) * Align the major elements of a Business Continuity Plan with required policy definitions * Review the resultsRead MoreComplete A Mindmap On The Importance Of Business To The1258 Words   |  6 PagesUnemployment - Declining Unemployment - Low Unemployment - Growing Unemployment - High Inflation - Growing Inflation - High Inflation - Declining Inflation - Low Investment - Growing Investment - High Investment - Declining Investment - Low Analyse the personal characteristics you believe are important for the operating of a business. In order to run a business you need to do the following: Do what you enjoy - If you enjoy what you re doing you will put in 100% effort to your business resulting in successRead MorePdp - Professional Development Plan3375 Words   |  14 PagesProfessional Development Plan Unit: Understanding and Managing People Unit Code: 5D4Z0020 Unit Tutors: Tom Scanlon and Amanda Davis Student Name: Hilaria Dos Santos Rolo Student ID: 11501593 Date: 14th March 2012 Contents Page Page 1 – Title Page 2 – Contents Page 2 – List of tables and figures Page 3 – Introduction Page 4 to 6 – Section 1: Professional Plan Development Page 7 to 9 – Section 2: Progress Review Page 10 – Appendix 1 Page 11 to 13 – Appendix 2 Page 14 to 17 –Read MoreCareer Strategy Outline9821 Words   |  40 PagesDEVELOPING A PERSONAL CAREER STRATEGY (PCS) Smeal MBA Career Management and Corporate Relations Team 9th Edition May, 2010 Developing a Personal Career Strategy (PCS) Companies no longer hire people out of high school or college and provide them with career security for the rest of their life. In some ways, career management has become an independent enterprise, something of a sole proprietorship, or as a recent book reflected in its title, â€Å"You Incorporated†. This trend is a clear

The Job Of The Civil Worker Essay - 2158 Words

Since the formation of human civilization, the purpose of the civil worker has gone unquestioned, and only until recently, unaltered. The job of the civil worker was a simple one: work during the day, sleep during the night, and repeat the process each day until the worker was unable, be it by death or disability. The worker was paid little, if at all, and benefits were foreign, as what greater benefit was there than to serve one’s lord, country or fellow countrymen? Needless to say, conditions for these workers were poor, and many found it difficult to voice these issues to superiors or to those on their level, as they felt as though nothing could be changed in their monarchical or oligarchical existence. The idea of workers benefits’ and support is a relatively new concept. Beginning primarily in the 20th century, a noticeable adjustment was made in the United States by the newly elected President Roosevelt in 1938. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) into fruition, which introduced the regulation of the minimum wage, the definition of which being, â€Å"(The )minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency and general well-being, without substantially curtailing employment† (minimum-wage.org). The minimum wage of the time was 25 cents an hour, but at the time was a considerably fair price, and one that would change the course of history for the worker forever. Shortly after the introduction of the FLSA was the Universal Declaration of HumanShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Civil Engineers707 Words   |  3 PagesThe job of a civil engineer is to fix, or build many of our modern conveniences including bridges. Skill in math (specifically measurement and angles) is required for the most part. It is a risky job though because if you design something wrong, you will pay big. Civil engineers are a soul of a cities construction. 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In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society,Read More The Impact of the Great Depression on Black Americans Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesscarce. Poverty and despair, however, were not foreign to the Black Americans; poverty had been common to them since their days of captivity. To many Black Americans who lived in the south, it was the return of old times. Sharecroppers and farm workers always lived in the midst of strife; they were never able to make a decent living. The boll weevil, soil erosion, and foreign competition had destroyed the cotton crop in the early Twenties. Life was difficult. No profits were being made, and althoughRead MoreThe Case Of Griggs V. Duke Power Company1047 Words   |  5 Pagesthe case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 401 U.S. 424 (1971), the company chose to set employment standards in which the applicants must have a high school diploma or pass an intelligence test to be hired or transferred to a job in the plant. In 1964 the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 stated that it is against the law to discriminate against an individual because of race, religion, sex or national origin. The 703(a) of the Act is an unlawful employment practice for any employer to setRead MoreAge Discrimination Essay 91437 Words   |  6 Pages Typical actions might include refusing to hire or promote older workers, curtailing their employee benefits, limiting their training opportunities or limiting their job responsibilities and duties. Older workers may be targeted in reductions of the work force; they may be encouraged to retire. Exit incentive programs may deny valuable additional benefits to an older worker and early retirement incentives may pressure older workers to retire prematurely. 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Environmental Law in Kenya Free Essays

How can Environmental Law be effectively enforced in Kenya? For environmental law to be effectively enacted in Kenya their needs to be emphasis on the need for a universal environmental ethic. There needs to be a concern on the ability to provide information that changes behaviour towards the environment i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Law in Kenya or any similar topic only for you Order Now not stopping at awareness creation but to also go through education advocacy. This led to the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act. (EMCA). With the enactment of the EMCA, the fundamental principles on the environment espoused in various multilateral environmental agreements and intellectual discourse were incorporated into Kenyan law. Therefore it is based on the recognition that improved co ordination of the diverse sectoral initiatives is necessary for better management of the environment. To facilitate a coordinated approach to environmental management, EMCA establishes several organs as discussed below which help in the effective enforcement of environmental law: ) National Environmental Council It is responsible for policy formulation and directing, setting national goals and objectives, determining policy and priorities for the protection of the environment and the promotion of cooperation among the public and private bodies engaged in environmental protection programmes. The council is responsible in regards to international treaties, conventions and agreements relating to the management of the environment to whi ch Kenya is a party or should be a party. i) National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) It is responsible for the following: (a) Co-ordinate the various environmental management activities being undertake by the lead agencies and promote the integration of environmental considerations Into development policies, plans, programmes and projects with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the improvement of he quality of human life in Kenya; (b) Take stock of the natural resources in Kenya and their utilization and conservation; (c) Establish and review in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, land use guidelines; (d) Examine land use patterns to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of natural resources. (e) Carry out surveys which will assist in the proper management and conservation of the environment; (f) Advise the government on legislative and other measures for the management of the environment or the implem entation of relevant international conventions, treaties and agreements in the field of environment, g) advise the government on regional and international environmental conventions, treaties and agreements to which Kenya should be a party and follow up the implementation of such of such agreements where Kenya is party; (h) Undertake and co-ordinate research, investigation and surveys in the field of Environment and collect collate and disseminate information about the findings Of such research, investigation or survey; I) mobilize and monitor the use of financial and human resources for environmental Management; (J) identify projects and programs or types of projects and programs, plans and policies for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be conducted under this Act; (k) Initiate and evolve procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents Which may cause environmental degradation and evolve remedial measures where Accidents occur; l) Monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead Agencies, in order to ensure th at the environment is not degraded by such activities, environmental management objectives are adhered to and adequate early warning on impending environmental emergency is given; (m) Undertake, in co-operation with relevant lead agencies, programmes intended to enhance environmental education and public awareness about the need for sound Environmental management as well as for enlisting public support and encouraging the effort made by other entities in that regard; (n) Publish and disseminate manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental Management and prevention and abatement of environmental degradation; (n) Render advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural Resource management and environmental protection so as to enable them to carry out Their responsibilities satisfactorily; o) Prepare and issue an annual report on the state of the environment in Kenya and in This regard may direct any lead agency to prepare and submit to it a report on the state Of the sector of the environment under the administration of that lead agency; (p) Perform such other functions as the Government may assign to the Authority or As are incidental or conducive to the excise by the Authority of any or all of the functions provided under this Act. iii) Provincial and District committees The committee is responsible for the following: A) is responsible for the proper management of the environment within the province or district in respect of which they are appointed. (b) Perform such additional functions as are prescribed by this Act or as may, from time to time, be assigned by the Minister by notice in the Gazette. There are certain mechanisms that are set in place for the protection and conservation of the environment, framework environmental laws also provide for the management of specific environmental aspects, whether they are of a sect oral nature or of cross sectoral nature or both. These mechanisms include: -Environmental Impact Assessment This is a tool that helps those involved in decision making concerning development programmes or projects to make their decisions based on knowledge of the likely impacts that will be caused on the environment, whether negative or positive. Whether the impacts are negative and likely to result in significant harm, decision makers will be able to decide what kind of mitigating measures should be taken to eliminate or minimise the harm. Therefore the EIA is an anticipatory and where there is harm, a preventive mechanism. By using the EIA both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved such as reduced cost and time of project implementation and design, avoiding treatment/ clean up costs and impacts of law and regulations. -Environmental auditing and monitoring This is a process that assesses the nature and extent of environmental concerns at an existing facility or any other site where the existence of industrial pollution problems is identified or anticipated. Enforcement of Environmental Law Most environmental enforcement strategies derive from legal requirements that must be met by individuals, facilities whose operations or activities may cause undesirable environmental impacts. These environmental impacts are an essential foundation for environmental and public health protection. Environmental actions may include applying one or a combination of the following actions: †¢ Inspections and monitoring to determine the compliance status of the regulated community and to detect and to respond to violations. †¢ Negotiations with violators or facility managers to develop mutually agreeable schedules and approaches for achieving compliance. †¢ Awareness creation to sensitise the regulated community on the requirements to be met †¢ Taking legal action where necessary to compel compliance and: †¢ Compliance promotion among the regulated community. 2. Discuss why health and safety laws are necessary for any worker? Health and safety may be perceived as an investment or loss within an organization. Accidents happen and it is imperative for organizations to strive towards a ‘zero’ rate because they can prove very expensive if a company is deemed liable. Employers may be expected to invest a relatively minimal initial outlay for risk assessment and hazard identification procedures – which may or may not require consultancy fees, installation of modern equipment or staff training – but in reality these can all be viewed as an investment rather than a loss and there is no arguing with the fact that an injury free workplace is a safe workplace. All employers were required to ensure, in so far as ‘reasonably practical’, the safety, health and welfare at work of their employees and to carry out an annual review of safety statements specifying how it is managed. On the other hand, employees are obliged to co-operate with their employer and report any circumstances that may pose a serious threat to health and safety. In the opinion of Hoyle (2004), â€Å"Accident prevention is primarily the responsibility of individual workers. † The promotion of health and safety within an organization can be seen as an investment. If employees keep healthy, their productivity will be good and this can promote profits. With safety the same applies. In a safe environment there are fewer injuries, more productivity, more profits and less worker compensation insurance premiums, etc. The financial implications of accidents and ill-health are often overlooked or underestimated, especially relating to absenteeism. Apart from still having to pay the absent employee’s wages, employers could also be faced with additional wages for replacement staff, overtime and lost time spent on investigations and meetings, increased costs due to reduced productivity, possible contract penalties and external consultancy fees, all of which can add up to substantial hidden costs (TSSA). In fact, organizations with active training programmers in health and safety – such as OHSAS 18001 – have many advantages, including fewer work-related injuries and lower healthcare costs, improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, lower insurance premiums and compensation claims and a higher rate of worker retention and employee satisfaction. Workers’ compensation claims due to workplace accidents and occupational ill-health appear in the papers every day. And costs facing organizations include investigation time, wages paid for lost time, clerical time, decreased output of injured worker upon return and the loss of business and goodwill. Unfortunately, in smaller firms where major injury rates tend to be higher, conviction could ruin a company. Many small organizations harbor a negative view of the business benefits of corporate and social responsibility. They see the implementation and maintenance of appropriate operational standards as a waste of time, money and staff resources because of the required controls, practices and procedures and other overheads which they regard as a drain on their limited resources. While some employers may see health and safety as a loss, this will only occur when an organization has failed to take reasonable steps to prevent injury and non-injury accidents and ill-health. The advantages of reventive policies can be financially beneficial, an added investment is that they ‘can also consist of benefits that are harder to express in money, such as morale, productivity or quality gain. ’ Nevertheless, employers must undertake suitable and sufficient assessment of risks to hea lth and safety in their workplace and appropriate arrangements must be made to review preventive and protective measures, assess their efficacy and level of legal compliance and establish a sound health and safety culture. A risk assessment is a hazard identification process to identify what could cause harm to people. It forms part of the preparation of a Safety Statement and helps employers to manage the health and safety of their employees. Employers are legally required to do everything that is ‘reasonably practicable’ to ensure that identified hazards will not injure anyone. They should also ensure that all employees are familiar with the relevant contents of the Safety Statement, especially when revisions have been made. Improving health and safety need not cost the employer a lot of money. Even changing the way a particular task is performed can reduce the risk of injury. For example, placing anti-slip material on a slippery floor is a relatively inexpensive precaution when compared to the financial implications of a bad fall. Any safety measures introduced â€Å"need only be proportional to the real risks involved and should be sufficient to control, eliminate or minimize any risk of injury† (ibid). Managing health and safety in the workplace is not just a legal requirement, it also makes commercial sense. Many investors closely monitor health and safety performance with a view to increasing investment opportunities. Simple and relatively inexpensive steps like arranging courses such as First Aid, Manual Handling, Fire and Electrical Safety, Health and Safety and Stress Management, etc. for all employees is most definitely a good investment for any forward-looking organization and the potential dividends for both staff and employees are immeasurable REFERENCES Environmental Management and Coordination Act 2000 Okidi et al, Environmental Governance in Kenya: Implementing the Framework law. East African Publishers, 2008 How to cite Environmental Law in Kenya, Essays

Color Blind Racism free essay sample

Bonilla-Silva looks to answer two questions in this literature: â€Å"How is it possible to have this tremendous level of racial inequality in a country where most people (white) claim that race is no longer a social relevant social factor and that â€Å"racists† are a species on the brink of extinction? More significantly, how do whites explain the contraindication between their professed color blindness and America’s color-coded inequality? † In â€Å"Color Blind Racism†, Bonilla-Silva challenges the idea that we live in a society that is nonracist or nondiscriminatory. He insists that regular white folks engage in unintentional discrimination every day because of the social construction of the ideology of race. Today’s racism may be somewhat different than racism during the Jim Crow era. Instead, there is a different type of racism that has materialized around the 1960s. Bonilla-Silva refers to this type of racism as the â€Å"New Racism†. Since its emergence, color blind racism has become structured into almost every institution and has become a part of everyday life. Because of this new racism that continues to be socially constructed, blacks and other minorities suffer from inferior jobs, education, and housing. Bonilla-Silva discusses four central frames of color blind racism: 1) Abstract Liberalism. According to Bonilla-Silva, abstract liberalism allows whites to reasonably support racial inequality. 2) Naturalization. Naturalization is a way that whites can perform everyday actions that may seem natural because it’s the way of life. 3) Biologization. Biologization gives the idea that biological characteristics are the reason blacks maintain an inferior status. 4) Minimization of Racism. This frame suggests that racism isn’t a big deal. These four central frames of color blind racism give a different excuse to maintain white privilege, different from the tactics used in the Jim Crow era to explain racial inequality. I think that the two questions that Bonilla Silva ask are quite interesting. After reading this literature, I got to thinking how is race today socially constructed? Sure, racism can be defined by personal experiences and that, I believe, is not the reason Bonilla-Silva thinks that we still live in a society where racial inequality exists. Instead, it’s the institutions itself that cause discrimination. Albeit, it’s nothing comparable to racism in the Jim Crow era, it still unintentionally happens. After asking myself where I have seen racism built into an institution, I realized that I have experienced it myself in the institution of education. I went to an elementary school that had a large population of Hispanics who did not know English well. Having the last name ‘Gonzales’, I was constantly stereotyped into this population, even though I spoke perfect English and my race is half Native American and the other half Latino. I was being deprived of an unbiased education that the rest of the kids were getting. I believe that that it was unintentional and they just assumed that because my last name is thought to have a Hispanic origin, I didn’t know the English language. It was discrimination built into the institution. Because there is discrimination built into various institutions, it seems normal. I realized that I had to think long and hard of an example for my own question. Because to most people, it’s part of everyday life, especially those in the same generation as me. It’s what we grew up knowing. Instead of hammering how racism is built into institutions, I was interested in ways that whites defend this â€Å"New Racism†. Bonilla-Silva refers to these as four central frames of color blind racism. The first is â€Å"Abstract Liberalism†. This idea is that we live in a society that has equal opportunities for all people. I concur with this idea that whites use, but I also believe they fail to view external issues regarding this idea. Not everyone is born on equal grounds. Some may be more privileged than others. Historical events could have possibly had implications on why blacks are at more of a disadvantage. If they begin at a disadvantage, they receive an inferior education. As a result, they are underrepresented in higher education and in higher paying jobs. It seems to me that this vicious cycle only repeats itself a majority of the time. Next is â€Å"Naturalization†. This is the idea that discrimination just seems natural. The reason that whites typically hold better jobs is natural. I find this to be a lame excuse. One student explained that people segregate themselves because that’s who they feel comfortable around. I think it’s because of the lack of opportunities. For example: a manager at a company, who happens to be white, hires a co-worker from his previous job. This co-worker happens to be white as well. This manager wants to hire another employee so he asks his new hire if he knows anyone who is interested. He calls up his friend, who is white as well, if he would like a job. He agrees and the cycle continues. Although unintentional, this leaves out other races who are â€Å"segregated† with their own people. Third is â€Å"Biologization†. This idea, as I found, is where we get a majority of our stereotypes. Although I find negative stereotypes to be false a majority of the time, the can have a negative impact on job, school, and housing of minorities. I couldn’t decide if I agreed or disagreed with this idea because it was very subjective on who believed what stereotypes. Finally, â€Å"Minimization of Racism†. This idea is that discrimination no longer exists and it does not hinder minorities on job placement, education, housing, etc. I had to disagree because it actually does. In my experience, unintentional discrimination effected my education and I was only a kid so it can happen anywhere. It was interesting to read about this â€Å"New Racism† and sort of opened my eyes on how discrimination is built into institutions unintentionally. A question for class discussion would be: Give an example where racism/discrimination is built into an institution?